Proton

What makes the proton worth its own page is not its charge or its mass but its role as a label. Essential knowledge 15.2.A.2 says each atomic element has a unique number of protons, so the proton count is the element. Nothing else about the atom does that job: change the neutrons and you change the isotope, change the electrons and you have an ion (15.2.A.1.iv), but change the protons and it is a different substance.

That count is the atomic number $Z$, written below the symbol in nuclear notation, and for a bare nucleus it is also the charge in units of $e$. Statement 10.1.A.1.iii gives the sign: the charge of a proton is $+e$, that is $+1.60 \times 10^{-19}$ C on the sheet, exactly opposite the electron. The mass is printed as $m_p = 1.67 \times 10^{-27}$ kg on the AP Physics 2 and C: Electricity and Magnetism tables.

Transmutation is a statement about $Z$. Alpha decay drops it by 2 and beta decay moves it by 1, so both produce a different element; gamma decay leaves it alone, so the nuclide is unchanged. Whenever a question asks whether the daughter is a new element, it is asking whether the proton count moved.

One exam limit follows from all this. You can always report $Z$, and you can name the element only if the question gives you the means: the reference material for the exam is a Table of Information and an equation sheet, with no periodic table anywhere in it.