Instantaneous acceleration

Also called Acceleration at an instant

Instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration an object has at one particular moment rather than averaged over an interval. On a velocity-time graph it is the slope of the tangent line at that instant, measured in meters per second squared.

One instant, not one interval. Average acceleration divides a whole change in velocity by the whole time it took; instantaneous acceleration is the value at a single clock reading.

AP Physics 1 gets you there by shrinking the interval. EK 1.2.B.5 says that calculating average velocity or average acceleration over a very small time interval yields a value that is very close to the instantaneous velocity or instantaneous acceleration. EK 1.3.A.4.ii then makes it graphical: the instantaneous acceleration is the slope of a line tangent to a point on a graph of the object's velocity as a function of time.

AP Physics C: Mechanics finishes the sentence with calculus. EK 1.2.C.1.ii calls instantaneous acceleration the derivative of velocity with respect to time, printing a=dv/dt\vec{a} = d\vec{v}/dt and ax=dvx/dta_x = dv_x/dt.

Where it costs marks. Average and instantaneous acceleration coincide only when the acceleration is constant, which is the case the three kinematic equations describe. On a curved velocity-time graph they differ, and a Physics 1 boundary statement under topic 1.3 keeps that case qualitative: sketch it, do not compute it.

Zero velocity does not force zero instantaneous acceleration. A ball thrown straight up has v=0v = 0 at the top, yet its velocity-time graph is a straight line of slope 9.8-9.8 m/s2^2 that merely crosses the time axis there. The acceleration is 9.8 m/s2^2 downward for the whole flight.

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